陶渊明诗全集网站:
http://www.dx.pte.sh.cn/xsly/xingqu/shige/gushi/gushi013.htm
陶渊明(365—427),字元亮,一说名潜,字渊明,晋宋时期诗人、辞赋家、散文家, 浔阳柴桑(今江西九江市西南)人。他的祖父、父亲均做过太守一类官职,但到了陶渊明,家境早已破败。因为有这样的家世背景,陶渊明少年时代既好读六经,有大济苍生的宏愿,又厌恶世俗,热爱纯静的自然。他自29岁入仕,做过州祭酒、参军一类小官。后因仕途坎坷,又不耐烦“为五斗米折腰向乡里小人”,于41岁毅然辞去在任仅80余日的彭泽县令,回柴桑归隐。此后直至他逝世的23年间,以耕读自娱,未再入仕。
陶诗沿袭了魏晋诗歌的古朴作风,像一座里程碑标志着古朴的歌诗所能达到的高度。陶渊明又是一位创新的先锋。他成功地将“自然”提升为一种美的至境;将老庄所表达的玄理,改为日常生活中的哲理;使诗歌与日常生活相结合,并开创了田园诗这种新的 题材。他被尊称为隐逸诗人之宗。从他的事迹可以看出他是个生性热爱自然,不喜拘束的人。当他真正抛弃了所谓的“功名利禄”之后,一个无限舒展的世界向他敞开了。从他的诗里,我们不难看出他精神世界的层次。
东晋是乱世之末,又是佛教风行、崇尚名士风度的时代,因此,才会造就出陶渊明这样超越世俗的田园诗人。唐以来的许多大诗人,像李白、杜甫、白居易、苏轼、 陆游,都是非常推崇陶渊明的,在艺术创作和人生态度上也深受其影响。陶渊明的诗文代表了关于“人的觉醒”,也就是说,人不光要有物质生活,精神生活也非常重要。当我们再次念到“采菊东篱下,悠然见南山”这样的诗的时候,便感到了一 种来自灵魂深处的自由与舒展。
陶渊明诗今存125首 ,多为五言诗,从内容上可分为饮酒诗 、咏怀诗和田园诗三大类。
① 饮酒诗。 陶渊明是中国文学史上第一个大量写饮酒诗的诗人。他的《饮酒》20首以“醉人”的语态或指责是非颠倒、毁誉雷同的上流社会;或揭露世俗的腐朽黑暗;或反映 仕途的险恶;或表现诗人退出官场后怡然陶醉的心情;或表现诗人在困顿中的牢骚不平。从诗的情趣和笔调看 ,可能不是同一时期的作品 。东晋元熙二年(420),刘裕废晋恭帝为零陵王,次年杀之自立,建刘宋王朝。《述酒》即以比喻手法隐晦曲折地记录了这一篡权易代的过程 。对晋恭帝以及晋王朝的覆灭流露了无限的哀惋之情,此时陶渊明已躬耕隐居多年,乱世也看惯了,篡权也看惯了。但这首诗仍透露出他对世事不能忘怀的精神。
② 咏怀诗。以《杂诗》12首、《读山海经》13首为代表。《杂诗》12首多表现了自己归隐后有志难骋的政治苦闷,抒发了自己不与世俗同流合污的高洁人格 。 可见诗人内心无限深广的忧愤情绪。《读山海经》13首借吟咏《山海经》中的奇异事物表达了同样的内容,如第十首借歌颂精卫、刑天的“猛志固常在”来抒发 和表明自己济世志向永不熄灭。
③田园诗。陶渊明的田园诗数量最多,成就最高。这类诗充分表现了诗人鄙夷功名利禄的高远志趣和守志不阿的高尚节操;充分表现了诗人对黑暗官场的极端憎恶和彻底决裂;充分表现了诗人对淳朴的田园生活的热爱,对劳动的认识和对劳动人民的友好感 情;充分表现了诗人对理想世界的追求和向往。作为一个文人士大夫,这样的思想感情,这样的内容,出现在文学史上,是前所未有的,尤其是在门阀制度和观念森严的社会里显得特别可贵。陶渊明的田园诗中也有一些是反映自己晚年困顿状况的,可使我们间接地了解到当时农民阶级的悲惨生活。陶渊明的《桃花源诗并记》大约作于南朝宋初年。它描绘了一个乌托邦式 的理想社会。表现了诗人对现存社会制度彻底否定与对理想世界的无限追慕之情。它标志着陶渊明的思想达到了一个崭新的高度。陶渊明是田园诗的开创者。它以纯 朴自然的语言 、高远拔俗的 意境 ,为中国诗坛开辟了新天地,并直接影响到唐代田园诗派。
不戚戚于贫贱,不汲汲于富贵。
陶渊明诗挑选:
杂诗八首
其一∶
人生无根蒂,飘如陌上尘。
分散逐风转,此已非常身。
落地为兄弟,何必骨肉亲!
得欢当作乐,斗酒聚比邻。
盛年不重来,一日难再晨。
及时当勉励,岁月不待人。
饮酒二十首
其三∶
道丧向千载,人人惜其情。
有酒不肯饮,但顾世间名。
所以贵我身,岂不在一生?
一生复能几,倏如流电惊。
鼎鼎百年内,持此欲何成!
其五∶
结庐在人境, 而无车马喧。
问君何能尔?心远地自偏。
采菊东篱下, 悠然见南山。
山气日夕佳, 飞鸟相与还。
此中有真意, 欲辨已忘言
归园田居五首
其一∶
少无适俗韵,性本爱丘山。
误落尘网中,一去十三年。
羁鸟恋旧林,池鱼思故渊。
开荒南野际,抱拙归园田。
方宅十馀亩,草屋八九间。
榆柳荫後檐,桃李罗堂前。
暧暧远人村,依依墟里烟。
狗吠深巷中,鸡鸣桑树颠。
户庭无尘杂,虚室有馀闲。
久在樊笼里,复得返自然。
其二∶
野外罕人事,穷巷寡轮鞅。
白日掩荆扉,虚室绝尘想。
时复墟曲中,披草共来往。
相见无杂言,但道桑麻长。
桑麻日已长,我土日已广。
常恐霜霰至,零落同草莽。
其三∶
种豆南山下,草盛豆苗稀。
晨兴理荒秽,带月荷锄归。
道狭草木长,夕露沾我衣。
衣沾不足惜,但使愿无违。
其四∶
久去山泽游,浪莽林野娱。
试携子侄辈,披榛步荒墟。
徘徊丘陇间,依依昔人居。
井灶有遗处,桑竹残朽株。
借问采薪者,此人皆焉如?
薪者向我言∶“死殁无复馀”。
“一世异朝市”,此语真不虚!
人生似幻化,终当归空无。
挽歌诗三首
其一∶
千秋万岁後,谁知荣与辱。
但恨在世时,饮酒不得足。
Showing posts with label 文学家和其他. Show all posts
Showing posts with label 文学家和其他. Show all posts
Wednesday, September 30, 2009
Thursday, September 24, 2009
Robert Burton
For Burton's life is told in two words: he read. His empire is a room.
"No torment is so bad as love, " so he said.
Robert Burton (1577-1640) was an English scholar and vicar at Oxford University, beest known for writing The Anatomy of Melancholy.
He wrote the book largely to write himself out of being a lifelong sufferer from depression. From the preface of the book: "I write of melancholy, by being busy to avoid melancholy. There is no greater cause of melancholy than idleness, no better cure than business."
A spectator and student of life. Burton, another such a man who understood the folly of life, and love it before all else. His language, for all that it is has to squeeze itself in between the words of philosophy and poetry.
"No torment is so bad as love, " so he said.
Robert Burton (1577-1640) was an English scholar and vicar at Oxford University, beest known for writing The Anatomy of Melancholy.
He wrote the book largely to write himself out of being a lifelong sufferer from depression. From the preface of the book: "I write of melancholy, by being busy to avoid melancholy. There is no greater cause of melancholy than idleness, no better cure than business."
A spectator and student of life. Burton, another such a man who understood the folly of life, and love it before all else. His language, for all that it is has to squeeze itself in between the words of philosophy and poetry.
Goethe's Autonomy
Socrates inspired ever so many philosophers who believed as the Stoics did, partly under his influence, that happiness requires the subjugation of emotion and passion. To quote Nietzsche once more, Goethe could "dare to afford the whole range and wealth of being natural, being strong enough for such freedom" because he knew "how to use to his advantage even that from which the average nature would perish." To enjoy and explore the passions without becoming their slave, to employ them creatively instead of being either dominated by them or trying to resist them, was of the essence of Goethe's autonomy.
Goethe's style kept changing, but the changes were not gratuitous. He was no chameleon, no weather vane, and did not bow to fashion. His development gave every appearance of being organic, and his contemporaries witnessed it with their own eyes, with growing fascination.
Goether did not write to please others or to enhance his status, but to satisfy himself.
Goethe's style kept changing, but the changes were not gratuitous. He was no chameleon, no weather vane, and did not bow to fashion. His development gave every appearance of being organic, and his contemporaries witnessed it with their own eyes, with growing fascination.
Goether did not write to please others or to enhance his status, but to satisfy himself.
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