Hellenistic Philosophy

Hellenistic civilization:   http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hellenistic_civilization
Hellenistic philosophy:  http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hellenistic_philosophy

Hellenistic （希腊化）civilization represents the zenith of Greek influence in the ancient world from 323 BC to about 146 BC. It is a fusion of the Ancient Greek world with that of the Near East, Middle East and Southwest Asia, and a departure from earlier Greek attitudes towards "barbarian" cultures. It refers to the spreading of Greek culture and colonization over the non-Greek lands that were conquered by Alexander the Great in the 4th century BC, compared to "Hellenic" which describes Greek culture in its native form.

The end of the Hellenistic period is often considered to be 146 BC, when the Roman Republic conquered most of mainland Greece, and absorbed all of ancient Macedon. By this time the rise of Rome to absolute political prominence in the Mediterranean was complete, and this might therefore mark the start of the 'Roman period'. An alternative date is 30 BC, when the final Hellenistic kingdom of Ptolemaic Egypt was conquered by Rome (the last remnants of the Seleucid empire having been taken over thirty years earlier). This more obviously represents the absolute end of the power of the Hellenistic civilizations.

Hellenistic philosophy is the period of Western philosophy that was developed in the Hellenistic civilization following Aristotle and ending with Neoplatonism.

Hellenistic school of thought:
Platonism: Platonism is the name given to the philosophy of Plato, which was maintained and developed by his followers. The central concept was the Theory of forms: the transcendent, perfect archetypes, of which objects in the everyday world are imperfect copies. The highest form was the Form of the Good, God, the source of being, which could be known by reason. In the 3rd century BCE, Arcesilaus adopted skepticism, which became a central tenet of the school until 90 BCE when Antiochus added Stoic elements, rejecting skepticism. With the adoption of oriental mysticism in the 3rd century CE, Platonism evolved into Neoplatonism.

• Speusippus (407-339 BCE)
• Xenocrates (396-314 BCE)
• Arcesilaus (316-232 BCE)
• Carneades (214-129 BCE)
• Antiochus of Ascalon (130-68 BCE)
• Plutarch (46-120 CE)

Peripateticism: The Peripatetics was the name given to the philosophers who maintained and developed the philosophy of Aristotle. They advocated examination of the world to understand the ultimate foundation of things. The goal of life was the happiness which originated from virtuous actions, which consisted in keeping the mean between the two extremes of the too much and the too little.

• Theophrastus (371-287 BCE)
• Strato of Lampsacus (335-269 BCE)
• Alexander of Aphrodisias (c. 200 CE)

Cyrenaicism: The Cyrenaics were an ultra-hedonist school of philosophy founded in the 4th century BCE, by Aristippus of Cyrene. They held that pleasure was the supreme good, especially immediate gratifications. The school was replaced within a century by the more moderate doctrine of Epicureanism.

• Aristippus of Cyrene (435-360 BCE)

Epicureanism: founded by Epicurus in the 3rd century BC. It viewed the universe as being ruled by chance, with no interference from gods. It regarded absence of pain as the greatest pleasure, and advocated a simple life. It was the main rival to Stoicism until both philosophies died out in the 3rd century CE.

• Epicurus (341-270 BCE)
• Metrodorus (331-278 BCE)
• Zeno of Sidon (1st century BCE)
• Philodemus (110-40 BCE)
• Lucretius (99-55 BCE)

Stoicism: founded by Zeno of Citium in the 3rd century BCE. Based on the ethical ideas of the Cynics, it taught that the goal of life was to live in accordance with Nature. It advocated the development of self-control and fortitude as a means of overcoming destructive emotions. It was the most successful school of philosophy until it died out in the 3rd century CE.

• Zeno of Citium (333-263 BCE)
• Cleanthes (331-232 BCE)
• Chrysippus (280-207 BCE)
• Panaetius (185-110 BCE)
• Posidonius (135-51 BCE)
• Epictetus (55-135 CE)

Pyrrhonism: or Pyrrhonian skepticism, was a school of skepticism beginning with Pyrrho in the 3rd century BCE, and further advanced by Aenesidemus in the 1st century BCE. It advocated total philosophical scepticism about the world in order to attain "ataraxia" or a tranquil mind, maintaining that nothing could be proved to be true so we must suspend judgment.

• Pyrrho (365-275 BCE)
• Timon (320-230 BCE)
• Aenesidemus (1st century BCE)
• Sextus Empiricus (2nd century CE)

Eclecticism: a system of philosophy which adopted no single set of doctrines but selected from existing philosophical beliefs those doctrines that seemed most reasonable. Its most notable advocate was Cicero.

• Cicero (106-43 BCE)

Hellenistic Judaism: an attempt to establish the Jewish religious tradition within the culture and language of Hellenism. Its principal representative was Philo of Alexandria.

• Philo of Alexandria (30 BC-45 CE)

Neopythagoreanism: a school of philosophy reviving Pythagorean doctrines, which was prominent in the 1st and 2nd centuries CE. It was an attempt to introduce a religious element into Greek philosophy, worshiping God by living an ascetic life, ignoring bodily pleasures and all sensuous impulses, to purify the soul.

• Apollonius of Tyana (40-120 CE)
• Numenius of Apamea (2nd century CE)

Hellenistic Christianity: the attempt to reconcile Christianity with Greek philosophy, beginning in the late 2nd century CE. Drawing particularly on Platonism and the newly emerging Neoplatonism, figures such as Clement of Alexandria sought to provide Christianity with a philosophical framework.

• Clement of Alexandria (150-215 CE)
• Origen (185-254 CE)
• Augustine of Hippo (354-430 CE)

Neoplatonism: a school of religious and mystical philosophy founded by Plotinus in the 3rd century CE and based on the teachings of Plato and the other Platonists. The summit of existence was the One or the Good, the source of all things. In virtue and meditation the soul had the power to elevate itself to attain union with the One, the true function of human beings. It was the main rival to Christianity until dying out in the 6th century CE.

• Plotinus (205-270 CE)
• Porphyry (233-309 CE)
• Iamblichus of Chalcis (245-325 CE)

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Classical Antiquity (also the classical era or classical period) is a broad term for a long period of cultural history centered on the Mediterranean Sea, comprising the interlocking civilizations of Ancient Greece and Ancient Rome collectively known as the Greco-Roman world. It is the period in which Greek and Roman literature (such as Aeschylus, Ovid, Homer and others) flourished.

Late Antiquity (3rd-8th century), from the end of the Roman Empire's Crisis of the Third Century (c. 235 - 284) to the Islamic conquests and the re-organization of the Eastern Roman Empire under Heraclius.

Middle Ages, period in history which lasted for roughly a millennium, commonly dated from the fall of the Western Roman Empire in the 5th century to the beginning of the Early Modern Period in the 16th century, marked by the division of Western Christianity in the Reformation, the rise of humanism in the Italian Renaissance, and the beginnings of European overseas expansion.
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